Aperçu des sections

  • Généralités

  • Ciurse Notes

    The content covers several key topics in the field of semiconductors and optoelectronics. Chapter 1 introduces semiconductors, detailing the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic types, including N-type and P-type semiconductors along with their charge carriers. It discusses doping methods used to modify semiconductor properties and explores semiconductor alloys, including techniques like Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) and Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Additionally, the chapter addresses the formation and recombination of electron-hole pairs, as well as the concepts of energy bands in solids, including valence and conduction bands and the significance of the bandgap.

    In Chapter 2, the focus shifts to optical processes in semiconductors, covering phenomena such as absorption, emission, and photoluminescence. It examines the absorption characteristics of semiconductors, including bandgap energy, photon absorption, and the generation of electron-hole pairs. The chapter also differentiates between direct and indirect intrinsic transitions and discusses exciton absorption, the effects of electric fields on absorption, and the relationship between absorption and emission spectra.

    Chapter 3 delves into optoelectronic detectors, providing an overview of various types, including photodiodes, phototransistors, and charge-coupled devices (CCDs). It discusses the theory and working principles of photoconductors, as well as the structure and applications of junction photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes. The chapter also covers phototransistors, detailing their modes of operation and performance parameters.

    In Chapter 4, photovoltaic devices are introduced, focusing on the principles of solar energy conversion. The chapter discusses the solar energy spectrum, including ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation, and explores the device principles involving semiconductor materials and PN junctions. It addresses the current-voltage characteristics and factors affecting the efficiency of photovoltaic systems.

    Chapter 5 centers on light-emitting diodes (LEDs), explaining their working principles and characteristics. It discusses the structure and fabrication of LEDs, including both homojunction and heterojunction designs, as well as the materials used. The chapter also evaluates LED light power and efficiency, alongside various applications of LEDs in indicators, optical sources, and lighting.

    Chapter 6 focuses on laser diodes, detailing their theory, operation, and types. It explains the generation of laser beams and discusses reliability factors and applications in telecommunications, medical fields, and photolithography.

    Finally, Chapter 7 covers optical fiber technology, highlighting its applications in communication, sensors, and power transmission. It explains the principle of operation, including refractive index and total internal reflection, while addressing mechanisms of attenuation and the advantages and disadvantages of fiber optics. This comprehensive overview provides a solid foundation for understanding the principles and applications of semiconductors and optoelectronic devices.

    • Course notes Fichier

      Sommaire :

      CHAPTER 1: SEMICONDUCTORS
      INTRODUCTION
      OBJECTIVES
      GENERALITIES
      INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS OR PURE SEMICONDUCTORS
      EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS OR IMPURE SEMICONDUCTORS
      DOPING
      N-TYPE DOPING
      P-TYPE DOPING
      SEMICONDUCTOR ALLOYS
      MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY (MBE)
      METAL-ORGANIC CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (MOCVD)
      ALLOYING BY ANNEALING
      FORMATION AND RECOMBINATION OF ELECTRON-HOLE PAIRS
      FORMATION OF ELECTRON-HOLE PAIRS
      RECOMBINATION OF ELECTRON-HOLE PAIRS
      ENERGY BANDS IN SOLIDS
      ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS
      CRYSTAL LATTICE AND BLOCH'S THEOREM
      SUMMARY
      LEXICON
      REFERENCES
      RECOMMENDATIONS

      CHAPTER 2: OPTICAL PROCESSES IN SEMICONDUCTORS
      INTRODUCTION
      ABSORPTION
      EMISSION
      PHOTOLUMINESCENCE
      SCATTERING
      OBJECTIVES
      ABSORPTION IN SEMICONDUCTORS
      BANDGAP ENERGY
      PHOTON ABSORPTION
      ENERGY CONSERVATION
      ELECTRON EXCITATION AND PAIR GENERATION
      ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
      INDIRECT AND DIRECT BANDGAP MATERIALS
      ABSORPTION SPECTRUM
      INDIRECT INTRINSIC TRANSITIONS
      DIRECT VS. INDIRECT TRANSITIONS
      PHONON PARTICIPATION
      ABSORPTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
      APPLICATIONS
      EXCITON ABSORPTION
      DONOR-ACCEPTOR & IMPURITY-BAND ABSORPTION
      DONOR-ACCEPTOR ABSORPTION
      IMPURITY BAND ABSORPTION
      APPLICATIONS
      EFFECT OF ELECTRIC FIELD ON ABSORPTION
      APPLICATIONS
      RADIATION IN SEMICONDUCTOR-RELATION BETWEEN ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTRA
      RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABSORPTION AND EMISSION
      APPLICATIONS
      NEAR BAND GAP RADIOACTIVE TRANSITIONS
      ENERGY BANDGAP
      APPLICATIONS
      SUMMARY
      LEXICON
      REFERENCES
      SUGGESTED READINGS
      TERMINAL QUESTIONS

      CHAPTER 3: OPTOELECTRONIC DETECTORS
      INTRODUCTION
      PHOTODIODES
      PHOTOTRANSISTORS
      PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES (PMTS)
      AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES (APDS)
      CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICES (CCDS)
      CMOS SENSORS
      OBJECTIVES
      PHOTOCONDUCTORS
      THEORY
      WORKING PRINCIPLE
      APPLICATIONS
      JUNCTION PHOTODIODES
      STRUCTURE
      WORKING PRINCIPLE
      RESPONSIVITY AND QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
      APPLICATIONS
      PIN PHOTODIODES
      STRUCTURE
      WORKING PRINCIPLE
      ADVANTAGES OF PIN PHOTODIODES
      APPLICATIONS
      HETEROJUNCTION DIODES
      STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF HETEROJUNCTION DIODES
      WORKING PRINCIPLE AND ADVANCED FEATURES
      APPLICATIONS
      AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES
      STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
      ADVANCED FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS
      APPLICATIONS
      PHOTOTRANSISTOR
      STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
      MODES OF OPERATION
      CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
      TYPES OF PHOTOTRANSISTORS
      PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
      CHARACTERISTICS AND ADVANTAGES
      APPLICATIONS
      METAL SEMICONDUCTOR -METAL PHOTODIODE
      STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE
      ADVANCED FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES
      APPLICATIONS
      SUMMARY
      LEXICON
      REFERENCES
      SUGGESTED READINGS
      TERMINAL QUESTIONS

      CHAPTER 4: PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES
      INTRODUCTION
      OBJECTIVES
      SOLAR ENERGY SPECTRUM
      ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RADIATION
      VISIBLE LIGHT
      INFRARED (IR) RADIATION
      DEVICE PRINCIPLES
      SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL
      PN JUNCTION
      ABSORPTION OF PHOTONS
      GENERATION OF ELECTRON-HOLE PAIRS
      ELECTRIC FIELD
      SEPARATION AND COLLECTION OF CHARGE CARRIERS
      FORMATION OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT
      CONDUCTIVE CONTACTS
      EXTERNAL LOAD
      EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE
      PV MODULE AND SYSTEM
      CURRENT-VOLTAGE (I-V) CHARACTERISTICS
      EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
      TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES
      MATERIALS
      EFFICIENCIES
      SUMMARY
      LEXICON
      REFERENCES
      SUGGESTED READINGS
      TERMINAL QUESTIONS

      CHAPTER 5: LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES
      INTRODUCTION
      OBJECTIVES
      WORKING OF LED AND ELECTRO-LUMINESCENCE
      CHARACTERISTICS OF LED DEVICES
      ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
      OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
      STRUCTURE AND FABRICATION OF LED
      HOMOJUNCTION AND HETEROJUNCTION LED STRUCTURE
      SURFACE-EMITTING LED
      EDGE EMITTING LED STRUCTURE
      MATERIALS USED FOR LEDS
      LED LIGHT POWER & EFFICIENCY
      LED LIGHT POWER
      LED LIGHT EFFICIENCY
      LED EFFICIENCY AND LAMP EFFICIENCY
      LED LIGHTING AND POWER FACTOR
      SPECIFICATIONS OF LEDS
      ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
      OPTICAL SPECIFICATIONS
      APPLICATIONS OF LED
      LED AS AN INDICATOR
      LED AS AN OPTICAL SOURCE
      LED AS LIGHT BULB
      SUMMARY
      LEXICON
      REFERENCES
      SUGGESTED READING
      TERMINAL QUESTIONS

      CHAPTER 6: LASER DIODE
      INTRODUCTION
      OBJECTIVE
      LASER DIODE
      THEORY
      ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PUMPING
      GENERATION OF SPONTANEOUS EMISSION
      DIRECT AND INDIRECT BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS
      OPTICAL CAVITY AND LASER MODES
      FORMATION OF LASER BEAM
      TYPES
      DOUBLE HETERO-STRUCTURE LASERS
      QUANTUM WELL LASERS
      QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS
      SEPARATE CONFINEMENT HETEROSTRUCTURE LASERS
      DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTOR LASERS
      DISTRIBUTED-FEEDBACK LASERS
      VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASER
      VERTICAL EXTERNAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING LASER
      EXTERNAL CAVITY DIODE LASERS
      RELIABILITY
      APPLICATIONS
      TELECOMMUNICATIONS, SCANNING AND SPECTROMETRY
      MEDICAL USES
      MASKLESS PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY
      LASER DIODE RATE EQUATIONS
      MULTIMODE RATE EQUATIONS
      ISSUES & SOLUTIONS
      SUMMARY
      LEXICON
      REFERENCES
      SUGGESTED READINGS
      TERMINAL QUESTIONS

      CHAPTER 7: OPTICAL FIBER
      INTRODUCTION
      OBJECTIVE
      OPTICAL FIBER
      APPLICATIONS
      COMMUNICATION
      SENSORS
      POWER TRANSMISSION
      OTHER USES
      PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
      REFRACTIVE INDEX
      TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
      MULTI-MODE FIBER
      SINGLE MODE FIBER
      SPECIAL PURPOSE FIBER
      MECHANISMS OF ATTENUATION
      LIGHT SCATTERING
      UV-VIS-IR ABSORPTION
      NUMERICAL APERTURE
      GENERAL OPTICS
      LASER PHYSICS
      FIBER OPTICS
      PULSE BROADENING OPTICAL FIBER
      ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTICS
      DISADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS
      SUMMARY
      LEXICON
      REFERENCES
      SUGGESTED READINGS
      TERMINAL QUESTIONS

  • Section 2

    • Section 3

      • Section 4

        • Section 5

          • Section 6

            • Section 7

              • Section 8

                • Section 9

                  • Section 10